Literature Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Writing Review - Essay Example This paper investigations the downturn and its impact on Indian boat breaking industry. The article Effect of downturn, composed by Nagpal N in 2008 has referenced that the joblessness expanded a ton on account of downturn. He has additionally referenced that the organizations compelled to chop down their use on promoting and media exercises as a result of downturn. Securities exchanges everywhere throughout the world have demonstrated negative outcomes as a result of downturn. The individuals who put resources into lodging, vehicle, security and protection plans endured part of harms. Ostracizes in America from nations like India lost their positions and began to return due to the downturn. As the dollar esteem falls, the American economy began to decrease. The modest merchandise makers, China and Thailand like nations were likewise endured parcel of issues due to their market misfortune in America (Nagpal, 2008). The article Impact of worldwide downturn on India by Sonia Verma clarified downturn regarding request, expansion and flattening. Indian organizations getting great re-appropriating organizations from America and any financial issues in America may influence India too. Fares to America from India likewise endured significant mishap due to downturn. America halted new recruiting which is another worry for the Indian ostracize network in America. Around one crore people could misfortune business in view of downturn in America itself in a monetary year. IT ventures, monetary divisions, land proprietors, vehicle industry, speculation banking and different businesses were the significant victims of the current downturn (Verma, 2009) The article Recession ends up being a shelter for transport breaking at Alang, revealed substantial business in Indian boat breaking industry during the current downturn time frame. It announced that organizations docking vessels for removal to stay away from a downturn in cargo rates. Rising steel costs,

License Plate Recognition

Rising Trends in Computer Science and Information Technology - 2012(ETCSIT2012) Proceedings distributed in International Journal of Computer Applicationsâ ® (IJCA) Automatic Vehicle Identification Using License Plate Recognition for Indian Vehicles Sandra Sivanandan Department of Computer Engineering K. K. Wagh Institute Of Engineering Education and Research, Hirabai Haridas Vidyanagari Amrut-Dham, Panchavati, Nashik-422003 University of Pune, Maharashtra Ashwini Dhanait Department of Computer Engineering K. K.Wagh Institute Of Engineering Education and Research, Hirabai Haridas Vidyanagari Amrut-Dham, Panchavati, Nashik-422003 University of Pune, Maharashtra Yogita Dhepale Department of Computer Engineering K. K. Wagh Institute Of Engineering Education and Research, Hirabai Haridas Vidyanagari Amrut-Dham, Panchavati, Nashik-422003. Yasmin Saiyyad Department of Computer Engineering K. K. Wagh Institute Of Engineering Education and Research, Hirabai Haridas Vidyanagari Amrut-Dham, Pa nchavati, Nashik-422003. Unique In this investigation, a keen and straightforward calculation is introduced for vehicle’s tag acknowledgment system.The proposed calculation comprises of three significant parts: Extraction of plate area, division of characters and acknowledgment of plate characters. For extricating the plate area edge identification and morphological tasks are utilized. In division part filter line calculation is utilized. Character Segmentation for Devanagari Number Plates is additionally introduced. Optical character acknowledgment procedure is utilized for the character acknowledgment. The goal is to structure a proficient programmed approved vehicle recognizable proof framework by utilizing the vehicle number plate.Here we are introducing a brilliant and straightforward calculation for vehicle’s tag acknowledgment framework for Indian Vehicles. In this investigation, the proposed calculation depends on extraction of plate area, division of plate cha racters and acknowledgment of characters. In India we discover plates having Devanagari text styles too (however as indicated by rules it isn't permitted). Character extraction for Devanagari text style is somewhat extraordinary when contrasted with English textual style in view of the header line (shirorekha). We propose calculation for character extraction for Devanagari textual style. The perceived plate a be then contrasted with police hotlist database with recognize taken vehicles. The paper is sorted out as follows: Section II gives a diagram of the general framework. Separating the plate area is clarified in Section III. Segment IV gives the division of individual plate characters. Area V manages acknowledgment of characters utilizing optical character acknowledgment dependent on factual based layout coordinating calculation which utilizes connection and segment VI manages check of plate as indicated by Indian guidelines. The paper closes with Section VII. KeywordsDevanagari, Edge identification, License plate acknowledgment, Optical character acknowledgment, division. 1. Presentation License plate acknowledgment (LPR) is a type of Automatic Vehicle Identification. It is a picture handling innovation used to recognize vehicles by just their tags. Ongoing LPR assumes a significant job in programmed observing of traffic manages and keeping up law requirement on open streets. The LPR system’s critical preferred position is that the framework can keep a picture record of the vehicle which is valuable so as to battle wrongdoing and extortion (â€Å"an picture merits a thousand words†).Early LPR frameworks experienced a low acknowledgment rate, lower than required by commonsense frameworks. The outside impacts (sun and headlights, awful plates, wide number of plate types) and the restricted degree of the acknowledgment programming and vision equipment yielded low quality frameworks. Be that as it may, ongoing enhancements in the product and equi pment have made the LPR frameworks substantially more dependable and wide spread. 23 Emerging Trends in Computer Science and Information Technology - 2012(ETCSIT2012) Proceedings distributed in International Journal of Computer Applicationsâ ® (IJCA) in night condition, differentiate upgrade is significant before further preparing [1]. . STRUCTURE OF LPR SYSTEM Fig. 1) Original Image Fig. 2) Gray Scale Image Flowchart of Proposed System The calculation proposed in this paper is intended to perceive tags of vehicles naturally. Contribution of the framework is the picture of a vehicle caught by a camera. The caught picture taken from 3-5 meters away is first changed over to dim scale. We apply vertical edge discovery calculation and morphological activity I. e. open and close for plate extraction. Subsequent to applying morphological tasks picture is sifted through to get definite plate area. Plate area is cropped.Row division isolates push in plate and section partition isolates cha racters from push. At long last acknowledgment part OCR perceives the characters giving the outcome as the plate number in ASCII position. The outcome in ASCII group is can be checked based on rules followed in India. Fig. 3) Gray picture after differentiation improvement 3. 2 Vertical Edge Detection Before applying edge identification middle channel is to be applied to picture for evacuating clamor. The primary thought of middle channel is to go through the sign, section by passage, supplanting every passage with the middle of neighboring entries.Such commotion decrease is an average preprocessing venture to improve the aftereffects of later preparing (edge identification) [2]. 3. EXTRACTION OF PLATE REGION Plate Extraction is done in following stages 3. 1 Convert picture to Gray Scale 3. 2 Apply Vertical Edge location 3. 3 Candidate Plate Area Detection ? Morphologically Close picture ? Fill gaps in picture ? Morphologically Open picture 3. 3 Filtration of non Plate locale 3. 1 Co nversion To Gray Scale This is pre-preparing step for plate extraction. We apply Formula: I( I, j) = 0. 114*A( I, j,1) + 0. 587*A(i, j, 2) + 0. 99* A(i, j,3) where, I(i,j) is the variety of dark picture, A(i,j,1), A(i,j,2), A(i,j,3) are the R,G,B estimation of unique picture separately. Now and again the picture might be excessively dull, contain obscure, in this way making the undertaking of separating the tag troublesome. So as to perceive the tag even In rising request of qualities: 0, 2, 3, 3, 4, 6, 10, 15, 97. Focus esteem (already 97) is supplanted by the middle of every one of the nine qualities (4). Edge identification is performed on the given picture, which targets distinguishing focuses in advanced picture at which picture brilliance changes forcefully or, all the more officially, has discontinuities.There for the most part exists a few edge discovery strategies (Sobel, Prewitt, Roberts, Canny). We use here Sobel administrator for vertical edge identification. On the off chance that we characterize An as the source picture, and Gx and Gy are two pictures which at each point contain the even and vertical subsidiary approximations, the calculations are as per the following: 24 Emerging Trends in Computer Science and Information Technology - 2012(ETCSIT2012) Proceedings distributed in International Journal of Computer Applicationsâ ® (IJCA) Where * is 2D convolution activity. Fig. 5) Closed Image Fig. 4) Sobel Vertical Edge identification Fig. 6) Filled Image 3. Up-and-comer Plate Area Detection A morphological administrator is applied to the picture for determining the plate area. We fabricate a morphological administrator that is touchy to a particular shape in the information picture. In our framework rectangular box is utilized as a basic component to distinguish the vehicle plates. In numerical morphology organizing component are spoken to as lattices. Organizing component is a trait of certain structure and highlights to quantify the state of a picture and is utilized to complete other picture preparing tasks [4]. Commonplace rectangular organizing component is appeared in figure. Fig. ) Opened Image 3. 4 Filtration Of Non Plate Region After recognize the ROI, picture is then separated utilizing following sifting strategies. First locate the associated parts in picture. The principal method includes expelling of every single white patches which has pretty much zone than the limit. For example parts having region < 2000 or >20000 are wiped out. Utilizing Bounding Box strategy, draw Bounding Box around parts and fill the picture. As per the stature esteems, for example, just the articles with a tallness more noteworthy than Tmin_h and not exactly Tmax_h are held, and wipe out the other objects.After that, if the width estimations of the held items are more noteworthy than Tmin_w and not exactly Tmax_w, the articles are held; something else, the articles are evacuated, etc. Where: Tmin_h : Minimum tallness of the item. Tmax_h : Maximum stature of the item. Tmin_w : Minimum width of the article. Tmax_w : Maximum width of the item [6]. In the wake of separating plate locale is trimmed via scanning for the first and last white pixels beginning from upper left corner of a picture. Plate is trimmed from unique picture in the wake of getting arranges. Utilizing two essential activity of morphology (disintegration and expansion), opening and shutting of picture is done.The opening of A by B is acquired by the disintegration of A by B, trailed by widening of the subsequent picture by B. The end of A by B is acquired by the expansion of A by B, trailed by disintegration of the subsequent structure by B. For shutting picture 10*20 rectangular organizing component is utilized. In the wake of shutting picture we need to fill the gaps in this picture. An opening is a lot of foundation pixels that can't be reached by filling out of sight from the edge of the picture [3]. At that point picture is opened utilizin g 5*10 rectangular basic component. Qualities are resolved by the size of the image.Here we have utilized 1280X980 goals pictures. 25 Emerging Trends in Computer Science and Information Technology - 2012(ETCSIT2012) Proceedings distributed in International Journal of Computer Applicationsâ ® (IJCA) 4. Division OF PLATE CHARACTERS Before applying the OCR, the individual lines in the content are isolated utilizing line partition procedure and individual characters from isolated lines. Steps for Character Segmentation: 4. 1 Binarization of Plate imag

Essay Topics and Writing Tips

Essay Topics and Writing TipsWhile it is important to focus on the content and details of your ESL Advanced Essay topics, there are a few other things that you should consider as well. Writing should be creative and interesting, but it should also be logical, organized, and complete.It is important to decide on the topic before you begin writing. You may find yourself on a trail or maze of problems if you don't. After you have decided on the topic, research thoroughly on the subject area.When reading data and research papers, make sure that you understand what they are talking about. While this sounds like common sense, it isn't always the case. Take the time to familiarize yourself with the paper before you start writing. The more you know about the topic, the easier it will be for you to read the information you will write in the future.Not only should you research what is on the paper, but also the various methods and formats of writing for your ESL Advanced Essay Topics. Not all people write as they would in their native language. Some write in a different style than they do in their native language. Learn the format and process used in the field, as well as the language that you are writing in.When you begin writing, keep in mind that you are not in the same situation as other writers because you are writing from a unique viewpoint. Try to think of your own ideas and opinions, and draw on those as well. By doing this, you will come up with something that will make you feel very proud of yourself, and that you will want to share with others.When you are finished writing, go back and check your work to make sure that you did not make any mistakes. You can correct anything in the wrong format and can also correct grammar and spelling errors. Make sure that you have proofread each section of the essay. Then you will have the confidence that you need to submit it to your teacher or editor.In the end, just follow the rules of the essay topics that you have writt en. Everything should flow properly. It will be the best essay that you have ever written and will get you a lot of attention from the reviewers.Use these tips to write great ESL Advanced Essay Topics. And as always, don't forget to revise!

Personal Narrative A New Experience For Me - 857 Words

I have been coming to HHSC for 6 years as a camper, and each year has always been a new experience for me. I have met countless new friends, and I am grateful for them each and every day. Before coming to camp, I was always a shy and timid person, unwilling to put myself out there and meet new people. 6 years later, and now I’m the exact opposite; I love to talk to people, make new friends, and tell people my stories. Camp has given me so much confidence, and the sense that I belong somewhere. In a world filled today with so much hate and resentment, it is nice to always have a safe heaven, where no matter what the outside circumstances, everyone will feel together. Camp has meant a lot to me, and I have changed a lot because of HHSC. As a counselor, I have many skills and abilities I can bring to camps, such as leadership skills and the ability to be flexible. I believe that I will make a good counselor and role model because I will strive to inspire and lead my campers to be their best, and to enjoy themselves while also doing what they need to. All of these described I can do, and much more. As a counselor, I would be able to bring a lot to the table, and have an impact on the campers and the camp. Currently, I am an Instructor at my local Taekwondo Martial Arts School, and am a part of its leadership team. In that team, I have learned many crucial and important leadership skills, such as how to communicate effectively and how to manage a group of children. Over theShow MoreRelatedNarrative Is The Root Of Some Fields1510 Words   |  7 PagesNarrative is the root of some fields which includes education, rhetoric, literature, religion, law, history: culture (Wilson, 1989). It can be seen as a tool to create tra ditions and symbols as means of communication and it is a source to understand and strengthen the identity of the organisation (Kroeze and Keulen, 2013). As a conceptual theme, narrative becomes a self-conscious system and a reflexive field. In other words, the role of narrative in personal lives is to show how it can be utilizedRead MoreInvestigating My Personal Experience Through A Narrative Generated Through Photographic Texts939 Words   |  4 Pagesinvestigate my personal experience while immersed in the land, and create a narrative generated through photographic texts. These images aim to present the encounter between photographer and the land. They reveal traces from both the land and the photographer, they mirror this moment when this both actors became united. It shows both the eye of the photographer and all his studium , while present also the eyes of the land, looking at me. The exposition of this personal experience extend our understandRead MorePersonal Writing : Personal Reflection740 Words   |  3 Pagesof evidence and examples. This helped improve my writing style and essay because it provided information in areas that I was lacking. I felt as though my narrative improved upon my writing style through the essay as a whole. I had never written a narrative before; it was an entirely new experience for me. Both of these assignments helped me grow and improve as a writer over the course of the semester. In my first essay, I learned about not only the importance of truth, but the importance ofRead MoreStructure of Personal Narrative797 Words   |  4 PagesCLRC Writing Center Structure of a Personal Narrative Essay â€Å"Narrative† is a term more commonly known as â€Å"story.† Narratives written for college or personal narratives, tell a story, usually to some point, to illustrate some truth or insight. Following are some tools to help you structure your personal narrative, breaking it down into parts. The â€Å"Hook† Start your paper with a statement about your story that catches the reader’s attention, for example: a relevant quotation, question, factRead MoreNarrative Essay1497 Words   |  6 PagesThe Narrative Essay *What is a Narrative Essay? †¢ Narrative writing tells a story. In essays, the narrative writing could also be considered reflection or an exploration of the authors values told as a story. The author may remember his or her past, or a memorable person or event from that past, or even observe the present. †¢ The author may write about: -An experience or event from his or her past. -A recent or ongoing experience or event. Read MoreMy Family And Education Is Important For Your Future1221 Words   |  5 Pages Furthermore, there are some influences within broader culture that compliment and also contradicts the themes in my family’s narrative. The first theme in society that contradicts the values of my family is homosexuality. As mentioned above, religion is a large part of my family, therefore, homosexuality is not part of the catholic religion. With that being said my family has a strong opinion and belief about same sex relationships. The second theme compliments my family’s values and that is gettingRead MoreMary Rowlandsons Captivity Narrative Essay1154 Words   |  5 Pagesstories and narratives to help create a rich literary history for America. Puritan literature has helped many scholars and readers learn about early American history. One of the most famous American narratives is from Mary Rowlandson, who was the wife of a Puritan Minister. Mary Rowlandson’s captivity narrative is about her story of how she was captured and treated by Native American capt ors. Throughout the narrative Mary intertwined her experience with her Puritan beliefs. The narrative has helpedRead MoreEssay988 Words   |  4 Pagesperfection. Each person’s narrative comes together—by the page, sentence, word, and punctuation. Our individual and collective experiences are all a part of the reality we ascribe to ourselves and the world, and like with any draft, parts of it may be scrapped for something new. With my career, I plan to answer two questions: 1) How can people learn more about their personal world and other people in a creative, engaging way? 2) How can one utilize and alter the multifaceted narratives that make up theirRead MoreSlave Fredrick Douglass772 Words   |  3 Pagesultimate dream of the southern slave: freedom. He overcomes his struggles with his identity and knowledge of his past. In his Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, the cruelty and inhumane ways of slaveholders are depicted in their truest forms through the personal accounts of Frederick Douglass. Douglass is fearful of having to stay as a slave for life and experiences different work under the several masters he served. When Sophia Auld, the wife of Douglass’ master, tries to teach DouglassRead MoreEquiano s From The Interesting Narrative Of Olaudah Equiano980 Words   |  4 PagesOlaudah Equiano’s â€Å"From the Interesting Narrative of Olaudah Equiano† is written with the intent of ending the slave trade and aiding the abolitionists’ movement. His narrative tells his personal story of kidnapping, being sold int o slavery and his experience in the middle passage. According to this account Olaudah Equiano grew up in Africa with a large family. He was captured and sold into slavery at age eleven. As an adult he became an opposing voice to slavery. This autobiography was published

Rebecca Bodenheimer - ThoughtCo

Li Ning Case - 1297 Words

Marketing Management Group Assignment 1 Li Ning – Anything is Possible Submitted by (Group 18): PGP-11-091 Abhigyan Mundhra PGP-11-097 Aditya Narang PGP-11-102 Anant Damle PGP-11-133 Parag Aggarwal PGP-11-141 Prerna Lotlikar PGP-11-148 Ramya V. Supraja Is this company successful? Yes, the company is successful. And it is well envisioned and positioned to convert its opportunities into strengths. For Li Ning, its USP is the target segment based on geographical dimensions. So far, its penetration into the second-tier and third-tier cities has been the chief reason driving its success. Li Ning also provides a good value proposition, thereby providing a fine†¦show more content†¦To be able to build a unique positioning for itself, Li Ning might consider the option of changing its marketing lines, and portray a stronger image of what it represents. 3. Place: Li Ning should aim for a steady growth in the tier-II and tier-III markets, and expand into the mega cities and tier-I cities that have the maximum people with high disposable incomes. 4. Price: Li Ning’s pricing is one of its major competitive strategies, working to its advantage. However, this is true only of the tier-II and tier-III cities where it has a stronghold. For the mega cities and the tier-I cities, the pricing strategy has to be reworked altogether to increase brand perception. With increasing purchasing power, Li Ning’s ‘value-for-money’ proposition might falter in these cities. Customers that see Nike and Adidas as the ‘brands to buy’ are often conscious of the pricing. To attract such customers who see low-priced products synonymous with low brand image, Li Ning should be able to increase the pricing when targeting these customer segments. 5. Product: To be able to raise the pricing to increase brand perception(as explained in the previous point), Li Ning should certainly not go for differential pricing in different cities. The viable alternative is to introduce a new product segment for these cities keeping in mind the tastes of the target customers therein. 6. Product:Show MoreRelatedCompare and Contrast the Marketing Strategies of Li Ning Domestically and Internationally1480 Words   |  6 Pagesmarketing strategies of Li Ning domestically and internationally With the development of Chinese economy, sports industry has become one of the new industries in china, which has large market size and high growth rate (Qinqin, n.d.). In Chinese sports area, Li Ning brand, built by famous gymnast Li Ning (Enright, 2012), is the market leader and owns about 8000 hypostatic shops domestically (Zhang,2011). Similar to some international famous brands like Nike and Adidas, Li Ning intends to enhance influenceRead MoreLi Ning - Anything Is Possible4305 Words   |  18 PagesWATHIEU GAO WANG MEDHA SAMANT Li Ning - Anything is Possible Sharing Zhang’s belief that a superior level of category leadership was within reach if the Li Ning brand could somehow acquire elements of brand strength equivalent to those associated with the Nike and Adidas names, vice president of marketing Abel Wu was pursuing a marketing strategy aimed at establishing in people’s minds, just in time for the Olympics, a uniquely differentiated position for the Li Ning brand. Chief among Zhang’s concernsRead MoreThe Importance of Business Communication1175 Words   |  5 PagesBusiness Communication Aussie Sportswear International Ltd 54 Oxford Road, Perth PK3 4RG Tel: 00 61 223 123 45 Fax: 00 61 223 765 43 Email: info@aussiesportswear.com September 5, 2012 Li-Ning Sporting Goods Ltd 69 Minchu Street Shanghai SW7 6AW Dear Mr. Wong Li Chang Inquiry for Purchasing Sportswear We at Aussie Sportswear pride ourselves of our quality sporting products and for meeting the needs of our valued customers. Our market share in Australia is 38 percent with a network of 30 outletsRead MoreTechnology Development Life Cycle ( Tdlc )1208 Words   |  5 Pagespotentially be incorporated into devices to increase their durability (Chaochen, et. al., 2015). The third step, ESTD, is where a business case would be made that outlines how the technology could be used to strengthen a specific device, such as a cell phone. This is where a claim, graphene can be used to replace the current material used in cell phone cases to improve their flexibility (Chaochen, et. al., 2015), can be presented with research that backs up that claim. The product development stageRead MoreNike Inc.: China Essay5605 Words   |  23 PagesUS and China ...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...5 Section 2.1 | Cultural Differences and Similarities ...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 Section 3 | Competitors ...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.9 Section 3.1 | Adidas ...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦........................9 Section 3.2 | Li Ning ...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.10 Section 3.3 | Current Positon in China ...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......................10 Section 4 | Organisational Structure and Operations ...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......12 Section 4.1 | Corporate Strategy ...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreNike vs Adidas2240 Words   |  9 Pages Secondly, there was a case happened in China where a local Chinese domestic sports goods manufacturer company called Li Ning opened 6917 stores in mainland China by December 31,2008 making it 1241 more than the year of 2007. During the year 2008, Li Ning has published its financial report which states that due to the Beijing Olympic Games, the company made total revenues of CNY 669(million) a year on-year-increase of 53.8% compared to the year 2007. Not only that, Li Ning made an overall entry intoRead MoreExpanding the Playing Field: NikeÂ’s World Shoe Project5641 Words   |  23 Pagesenvironmental challenges as unmet market needs that provide business growth opportunities through entrepreneurship, innovation, and organizational change. Permission to reprint this case is available at the BELL case store. Additional information on the Case Series, BELL, and WRI is available at: www.BELLinnovation.org. Case Overview Tom Harge’s challenge was to â€Å"expand the playing field† in emerging markets with a range of affordable, durable, and easyto-produce sports shoes that could effectively reachRead MoreThe Meaning of Sports2530 Words   |  11 Pagesat higher levels. There are many different types of sports that exist in todays era. Some sports may only require a single participant but some other sports cannot commence if either one the teams competing, do not have enough team mates. In some case, non-physical activities, such as indoor games that mostly uses the power of the mind such as board games and card games are also referred to as a type of sports, but in generally, Sports are recognised as being based in physical activities and athleticismRead MoreThe Abstract Latent Factor ( Lf ) Models1591 Words   |  7 PagesTechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China, and also with the Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Mobile Internet Application Middleware Technology of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China (e-mail: luoxin21@cigit.ac.cn). S. Li is with the Department of Computing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, HK 999077, China (e-mail: shuaili@polyu.edu.hk). principle is to build a low-rank approximation to a target matrix. They first map entities corresponding to the columnsRead More Nikes Plan for China Essay940 Words   |  4 Pageswere meant to inspire youth to overcome obstacles, as LeBron does when he slays the kung fu master and the green fire-spewing dragons, as well as other video game style villains. Nike’s â€Å"pushing the envelope† type advertising did not translate in this case. Nike’s retail strategy includes selling through retailers and retail outlets with 10 customers generating 60% of revenues. Foreign companies can now apply for direct retail licenses –- but Nike has no plans to set-up retail shops at this time.

Business Fundamentals for Engineering Managers for Education

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Fundamentals for Engineering Managers for Education. Answer: Safety and loss of life during project implementation and after the implementation is one of the key measures of success of the projects in engineering sector (Chang, 2014). Nevertheless, some projects are able to experience different risks which may be costly although some benefits are achieved after the implementation. Proper risk management and safety measures have to be enhanced for the project workers. The project managers must be able to ensure that the workers are protected from injury and have the relevant tools and knowledge to implement the project scope. The Panama Canal is one of the projects which was unable to achieve such key measures but became a key landmark from the benefits achieved (Zamorano and Martinez, 2016). In the implementation, Stevens and George Washington Goethals were the key engineers who enhanced the completion of the project. This project is considered as one of the deadliest project to be implemented in the world. Engineering problems as well as lack of proper health and risk management were some of the key causes of high work mortality rates in this project. So what Even with the high risks and costs incurred in the implementation period, the project has been able to open navigation to different locations. The shipping world has been enhanced since the completion of the canal and trade benefits has been achieved. More cargo has been able to move through the canal and this shows the benefits which are accruing from this project (Vachon, 2010). The success of the canal is a key evidence of the works which were carried was important for the economic growth of the different regions, which depend on the canal for transportation. After implementation, the canal has grown to be of large benefit. Nevertheless, the changes in technology and the vessels growing larger are offering a challenge to the canal. Suggestion for its extensions are always coming up as options to keep the project functioning. The same risks which were experienced cannot be tolerated at the implementation time and this offers a great challenge to implement another phase of the project. What else Proper implementation and maintenance strategies are required on such projects to ensure they are able to meet the changes in the markets. The technological advancements and innovation skills should be highly implemented to ensure that the projects changes are achieved at minimal costs. Since the previous cases are well known, planners should be able to use the history to ensure that the project continuous to bring the economic benefit to the region through proper expansion. What now Technological skills should be able to play a key role in enhancing the changes required. This will ensure use of more machinery to expand the canal to accommodate the recent vessels. In addition, the management skills and available rules on OSHA should be key to ensure that the problems experienced 100 years ago do not occur (Bennett and Danny, 2014). Most importantly, the risk management should be carried out before the implementation period. Lack of risk management before the implementation meant that the French side was unable to complete the project and required US to come to their rescue for the project to be completed. Learning outcome 2 What Professionalism and ethics are important part of the engineers work. Since the engineers are required to deliver to the public, they are required to maintain high standards of their interactions with clients and stakeholders in their work. This requires them to have additional skills such as proper communication and negotiation skills, managerial skills and honesty are some other key skills which engineer should be able to possess while undertaking their duties (Frize, 2012). Lack of ethics and professionalisms has been costly in the engineering professions. Substandard projects which fail before they achieve their design lives and mostly coupled with additional costs have been experienced for long in the engineering sector. So what Ethics and professionalisms ensure that the procedure for delivering different work aspects is adhered to. The competence standards analysis in Australia is meant to ensure that the engineers posses the relevant qualities and expertise to deliver according to the profession requirement. The competence standards will ensure that one has both the professional skills and work ethics. Both life skills ensure that the engineers will be able to come up with relevant solutions to solve the available problems and gaps in the market. More the Engineers Australia Stage 1 Competency Standard makes sure the right qualified personnel are released to offer their services to the public and therefore able to adhere to their professionalism (Whitcomb, Whitcomb, 2013). Through the analysis, I have the relevant qualities in terms of the professional qualification to be able to serve the public. In terms of dignity, I have the relevant skills to serve the people in ethical manner. What else Engineers are required by the law to abide by the correct conduct while undertaking their duties. This is the professional requirements which all engineers are required to abide to while performing their duties. The code of ethics is a key instrument to ensure that the engineers act with integrity while maintaining the available and required standards. The code of ethics is simple definition of values and principles which guide the decision making in the engineering practice. The code of ethics offers the platform through which the engineers are able to make their judgments to benefit the public (Clark and Christopher, 2013). Maintaining truthfulness is a key factor which engineers are required to keep in ethical conduct. When the boss required me to lie, I will decline that option even if it means losing the job. This will help to enhance the ethical conduct of the employees. The engineers are required by the law and ethical conduct to act in professional manner with honesty. Accord ing to me, the code of ethics is a key document which regulates the conduct of the engineers with the public. It offers the guidelines on how the engineers relate with other stakeholders in the industry. What now Up keeping the ethics and professionalism for engineers is important. The code of ethic for engineers is able to provide a platform for engineers to at professionally through the available laws. In addition, the code of ethics provides the way the engineers can deal with clients and the relation they have to keep. Through the code of ethics, as an engineer I can regulate a customer who is relating unethical by educating them what is expected of them. The code offers the manner on which each of stakeholders can relate to one another (Wellington Foster, 2009). The code of ethics needs to be taught to other stakeholder so that the engineering professionals and stakeholders are on the same platform while interacting. References Bennett, J. M. and Danny H. (2014) Project management for engineers. Chang, C. M. (2014) Business fundamentals for engineering managers. New York, Momentum Press. Clark, J. P, and Christopher R. (2013) Practical ethics for the food professional: ethics in research, education and the workplace. https://catalogimages.wiley.com/images/db/jimages/9780470673430.jpg. Frize, M. (2012) Ethics for bioengineers. San Rafael, Calif: Morgan Claypool Publishers. Vachon, R.,eginald I. (2010) Ethics and professionalism. https://www.aspresolver.com/aspresolver.asp?PDAP;2783493. Wellington, P. Foster, N. (2009) Effective team leadership for engineers. Stevenage, Institution of Engineering and Technology. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=471716. Whitcomb, C. A. Whitcomb, L. E. (2013) Effective interpersonal and team communication skills for engineers. Piscataway, NJ, IEEE Press. https://site.ebrary.com/id/10645200. Zamorano, J. and Martinez, K. (June 26, 2016) "Panama Canal opens $5B locks, bullish despite shipping woes". The Big Story. Associated Press.

Political economy free essay sample

Political economy, branch of social science that studies the relationships between individuals and society and between markets and the state, using a diverse set of tools and methods drawn largely from economics, political science, and sociology. The term political economy is derived from the Greek polis, meaning city or state, and oikonomos, meaning one who manages a household or estate. Political economy thus can be understood as the study of how a country†the publics household†is managed or governed, taking into account both political and economic factors. Historical development Political economy is a very old subject of intellectual inquiry but a relatively young academic discipline. The analysis of political economy (in terms of the nature of state and market relations), both in practical terms and as moral philosophy, has been traced to Greek philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle as well as to the Scholastics and those who propounded a philosophy based on natural law. We will write a custom essay sample on Political economy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A critical development in the intellectual inquiry of political economy was the prominence in the 16th to thel 8th century of the mercantilist school, which called for a strong role or the state in economic regulation. The writings of the Scottish economist Sir James Steuart, 4th Baronet Denham, whose Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy (1767) is considered the first systematic work in English on economics, and the policies of Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-83), controller general to Louis XIV of France, epitomize mercantilism in theory and in practice, respectively. Political economy emerged as a distinct field of study in the mid-18th century, largely as a reaction to mercantilism, when the Scottish philosophers Adam Smith (1723-90) nd David Hume (1711-76) and the French economist Franpis Quesnay (1694-1774) began to approach this study in systematic rather than piecemeal terms. They took a secular approach, refusing to explain the distribution of wealth and power in terms of Gods will and instead appealing to political, economic, technological, natural, and social factors and the complex interactions between them. Indeed, Smiths landmark work†An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), which provided the first comprehensive system of political economy†conveys in its title the road scope of early political economic analysis. Although the field itself was new, some of the ideas and approaches it drew upon were centuries old. It was influenced by the individualist orientation of the English political philosophers Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) and John Locke (1632-1704), the Realpolitik of the Italian political theorist Niccol ¶ Machiavelli (1469-1527), and the inductive method of scientific reasoning invented by the English philosopher Francis Bacon (1561-1626). Many works by political economists in the 18th century emphasized the role of ndividuals over that of the state and generally attacked mercantilism. This is perhaps best illustrated by Smiths famous notion of the invisible hand, in which he were the self-interested acts of individuals. Individuals intend to advance only their own welfare, Smith asserted, but in so doing they also advance the interests of society as if they were guided by an invisible hand. Arguments such as these gave credence to individual-centred analysis and policies to counter the state-centred theories of the mercantilists. In the 19th century English political economist David Ricardo (1772-1823) further eveloped Smiths ideas. His work†in particular his concept of comparative advantage, which posited that states should produce and export only those goods that they can generate at a lower cost than other nations and import those goods that other countries can produce more efficiently†extolled the benefits of free trade and was pivotal in undermining British mercantilism. About the same time the utilitarianism of Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832), James Mill (1773-1836), and Mills son John Stuart Mill (1806-73) fused together economic analysis with calls for the expansion of democracy. Smiths notion of individual-centred analysis of political economy did not go unchallenged. The German American economist Friedrich List (1789-1846) developed a more-systematic analysis of mercantilism that contrasted his national system of political economy with what he termed Smiths cosmopolitical system, which treated issues as if national borders and interests did not exist. In the mid-19th century communist historian and economist Karl Marx (1818-83) proposed a class-based analysis of political economy that culminated in his massive treatise Das Kapital, the first volume of which was published in 1867. The holistic study of political economy that characterizes the works of Smith, List, Marx, and others of their time was gradually eclipsed in the late 19th century by a group of more narrowly focused and methodologically conventional disciplines, each of which sought to throw light on particular elements of society, inevitably at the expense of a broader view of social interactions. By 1890, when English neoclassical economist Alfred Marshall (1842-1924) published his textbook on the Principles of Economics, political economy as a distinct academic field had been essentially eplaced in universities by the separate disciplines of economics, sociology, political science, and international relations. Marshall explicitly separated his subject† economics or economic science†from political economy, implicitly privileging the former over the latter, an act that reflected the general academic trend toward specialization along methodological lines. In the second half of the 20th century, as the social sciences (especially economics but also political science) became increasingly abstract, formal, and specialized in both focus and methodology, political economy was revived to provide a broader ramework for understanding complex national and international problems and events. The field of political economy today encompasses several areas of study, the comparative study of political and economic systems, and international political economy. The emergence of international political economy, first within international relations and later as a distinct field of inquiry, marked the return of political economy to its roots as a holistic study of individuals, states, markets, and society. As many analyses by political economists have revealed, in actual government ecision making there is often a tension between economic and political objectives. Since the 1970s, for example, the relationship between the United States and China has been replete with difficulties for both countries. China consistently has sought integration into the world economy†an effort best illustrated by its successful campaign to Join the World Trade Organization (WTO)†but has resisted domestic political liberalization. The United States often has supported Chinas economic reforms because they promised to increase trade between the two countries, but the U. S. overnment has been criticized by other countries and by some Americans for rewarding China with most-favoured-nation trading status despite that countrys poor record of upholding the basic human rights of its citizens. Likewise, Chinas government has faced domestic criticism not only from supporters of democracy but also from conservative Chinese Communist Party members who oppose further economic reforms. This example reflects the complex calculus involved as governments attempt to balance both their political and their economic interests and to ensure their own survival. In contrast to the pure economic analysis of tariff policies, political economic analysis examines the social, political, and economic pressures and interests that affect tariff policies and how these pressures influence the political process, taking into account a range of social priorities, international negotiating environments, development strategies, and philosophical perspectives. In particular, political economic analysis might take into account how tariffs can be used as a strategy to influence the pattern of national economic growth (neo-mercantilism) or biases in the global system of nternational trade that may favour developed countries over developing ones (neo- Marxist analysis). Although political economy lacks a rigorous scientific method and an objective analytic framework, its broad perspective affords a deeper understanding of the many aspects of tariff policy that are not purely economic in nature. Economics and political economy The relationship between political economy and the contemporary discipline of economics is particularly interesting, in part because both disciplines claim to be the descendants of the ideas of Smith, Hume, and John Stuart Mill. Whereas political economy, which was rooted in moral philosophy, was from the beginning very much a normative field of study, economics sought to become objective and value-free. Indeed, under the influence of Marshall, economists endeavoured to make their precise, and elegant and the foundation of a broader intellectual enterprise. With the publication in 1947 of Foundations of Economic Analysis by Paul Samuelson, who brought complex mathematical tools to the study of economics, the bifurcation of political economy and economics was complete. Mainstream political economy had volved into economic science, leaving its broader concerns far behind. The distinction between economics and political economy can be illustrated by their differing treatments of issues related to international trade. The economic analysis of tariff policies, for example, focuses on the impact of tariffs on the efficient use of scarce resources under a variety of different market environments, including perfect (or pure) competition (several small suppliers), monopoly (one supplier), monopsony (one buyer), and oligopoly (few suppliers). Different analytic frameworks examine the irect effects of tariffs as well as the effects on economic choices in related markets. Such a methodology is generally mathematical and is based on the assumption that an actors economic behaviour is rational and is aimed at maximizing benefits for himself. Although ostensibly a value-free exercise, such economic analysis often implicitly assumes that policies that maximize the benefits accruing to economic actors are also preferable from a social point of view. National and comparative political economy The study of domestic political economy is concerned primarily with the relative alance in a countrys economy between state and market forces. Much of this debate can be traced to the thought of the English political economist John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946), who argued in The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1935-36) that there exists an inverse relationship between unemployment and inflation and that governments should manipulate fiscal policy to ensure a balance between the two. The so-called Keynesian revolution, which occurred at a time when governments were attempting to ameliorate the effects of the worldwide Great Depression of the 1930s, contributed to the rise of the welfare state and to an increase in the size of government relative to the private sector. In some countries, particularly the United States, the development of Keynesianism brought about a passive state and an economy guided by the invisible hand of the market to the view that the state should actively intervene in the economy in order to generate growth and sustain employment levels. From the 1930s Keynesianism dominated not only domestic economic policy but also he development of the post-World War II Bretton Woods international economic system, which included the creation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. Indeed, Keynesianism was practiced by countries of all political complexions, including those embracing capitalism (e. g. , the United States and the United Kingdom), social democracy (e. g. , Sweden), and even fascism (e. . , the Nazi Germany of Adolf Hitler). In the 1970s, however, many Western countries experienced stagflation, or simultaneous high unemployment and inflation, a phenomenon that ontradicted Keyness view. The result was a revival of classical liberalism, also known as neoliberalism, which became the cornerstone of economic policy in the United States under President Ronald Reagan (1981-89) and in the United Kingdom under Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher (1979-90). Led by the American economist Milton Friedman and other proponents of monetarism (the view that the chief determinant of economic growth is the supply of money rather than fiscal policy), neoliberals and others argued that the state should once again limit its role in the economy by selling ff national industries and promoting free trade. Supporters of this approach, which influenced the policies of international financial institutions and governments throughout the world, maintained that free markets would generate continued prosperity. Opponents of neoliberalism have argued that the theory overlooks too many of the negative social and political consequences of free markets, including the creation of large disparities of wealth and damage to the environment. In the 1990s one focal point of debate was the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which reated a free-trade zone between the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Since it went into effect in 1994, the agreement has generated a good deal of controversy about whether it has created or eliminated Jobs in the United States and Canada and about whether it has helped or harmed the environment, labour conditions, and local cultures in Mexico. Comparative political economy studies interactions between the state, markets, and society, both national and international. Both empirical and normative, it employs sophisticated analytic tools and methodologies in its investigations. Rational-choice theorists, for example, analyze individual behaviour and even the policies of states in terms of maximizing benefits and minimizing costs, and public-choice theorists focus on how policy choices are shaped or constrained by incentives built into the routines of public and private organizations. Modeling techniques adapted from econometrics are often applied to many different political economic questions. Political economists attempting to understand domestic macroeconomic policy often study the influence of political institutions (e. g. , legislatures, executives, and

Race Relations essays

Race Relations essays In a country dedicated to promoting the concept of free and eternal equally among the cultures from within and around the world. A country that sets forth policies and supports organizations dedicated to protecting people of every race and securing a future where race is no longer an issue, concern or judgement. A country that retains the mission of peacekeeping and fighting for justice to benefit ourselves and our future generations. A country of diversity and a country with a somewhat masked society, scattered throughout the country in various groups with the same compassion for this country, but with different ideologies as to our social concepts and model of diversity. Racist ideologies are found more common in our society than we believe them to be, and anti-racial organizations across Canada are fighting to eliminate this social threat and retain the peace and free will that we so eagerly promote to the world. Although the progress in retaining a more liberal and equal road in race relations throughout Canada has improved, the issue of racism is still threatening millions of people everyday. Racism is a social behaviour and a social attitude, where members of one race are seen as superior to members of all others. On account of this "supremacy", racists justify various forms of abuse perpetuated against members of the designated "inferior" races. ?Throughout history, racism was used to justify the severe exploitation of certain races. In case of Spanish exploitation of peoples of America, the rationale was that "the Indians... were not human in the same sense (as the Spanish) and that there was no need to accord to them the same treatment as to one's fellow human beings." (Britannica). Similar justification was used in the exploitation of African slaves in Canada and the United States during the 19th century. Racism was often used to achieve practical purposes. It was used to justify the severe exploitation of non-white ...

Ricardos Theory of Comparative Advantage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ricardos Theory of Comparative Advantage - Essay Example Ricardo's Theory of Comparative Cost states that trade helps two parties - whether individuals or countries - if they focus on the production of the commodity in which they have a comparative advantage, and then trade that one for the commodity for which they do not have a comparative advantage. A country has an absolute advantage if it can produce all goods cheaper than another country. Even a country which has an absolute advantage should not produce all goods. It should concentrate on the production of that commodity in which it has a comparative advantage, and exchange it for the goods it needs - produced by other countries. These countries would be producing those goods in which it has the least comparative disadvantage, and overall consumption and satisfaction would thus be maximized. Ricardo used the example of England and Portugal producing wine and corn to explain the theory. Portugal finds it easier to produce wine instead of cloth although it can produce both cheaper than England does. England produces cloth relatively easier than it does wine, although the cost of production for both are more than when they are produced in Portugal. In this scenario it is beneficial for both countries if Portugal produces only wine, which it can do with relative ease, and England produces only cloth, in which industry it reduces its costs. Portugal trades its excess wine for England's cloth. (David Ricardo and Comparative Cost) Let us assume that one worker in Portugal can produce 8 yards of cloth or 8 gallons of wine, in a year; and one worker in England can produce 8 yards of cloth or 4 gallons of wine. Portugal has an absolute advantage in wine production, as compared to England. In cloth production, both countries are equal. However, England has a relative advantage in cloth production as against wine, when compared to Portugal. Situation 1 Both the countries have no trade. Both countries have ten thousand workers each. The production possibilities would be as follows. Portugal has 5000 workers producing wine and 5000 producing cloth. Then Portugal produces 40,000 (8 * 5000) yards of cloth, and 40,000 (8* 5000) gallons of wine. If England had 5000 workers producing wine and 5000 producing cloth then it would produce 40,000 (8* 5000) yards of cloth and 20,000 (4* 5000) gallons of wine. There is no trade, and the economies exist independently. However, total production for both economies would be 60,000 gallons of wine and 80000 yards of cloth. Situation 2: Now, let us suppose that Portugal puts all its workers in producing wine, and England puts all its workers in cloth. Then Portugal will produce 80,000 gallons of wine, and England would produce 80,000 yards of cloth. Situation 3: If England produced only wine, and Portugal only cloth, then the total wine production would be 40000 gallons and cloth production would be 80, 000 yards. Production is maximized in Situation 2, which is the one in which England has a relative advantage in the production of cloth. Ricardo's theory was a strong argument in favor of free trade, although the model was rather a simplistic one. Some of the assumptions it made do not correspond to the real world situation. It is assumed that full employment exists in the countries, and that opportunity costs are constant. Full mobility of factors of production within a country, and immobility across borders are assumed. Surely, it's not as easy

Women and Society Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Women and Society - Assignment Example (333-340). Is the society ready to embrace the same sex marriages? The part on To Whom Much is Given, Much is Expected is an interesting one and it keeps explaining how enlightened women are constantly stereotyped as males in the society; some are even discriminated (Kirk & Okazawa-Rey 350-357). I propose that these women be appreciated and even motivated to do more in the society. In this era, the society is expected to change its perspective and even learn that women can do well just as the men have in the previous years. In Women and Men Living on the Edge, it is unfortunate how the economic strains impact the humans (Kirk & Okazawa-Rey 358-360). Worse still, the women suffer more in the case of such economic strains since they bear the burden of the children and even the entire family. The women still remain the disadvantaged group in contrast to their male counterparts. This can also be credited to their being in the private sphere at most times. In my opinion, I believe a family comprises of close persons. This does not mean that these persons need to be related by blood. If one has a very close person or friend that has always been there for their tribulations, then in my opinion, that is a family member. A family is simply a group of people with a common need, not necessarily background. I would justify the differences in pay based on an individual’s certifications. A person that is more learned needs to get a higher pay and vice versa. This is because such a person has a high level of expertise and experience in their work as opposed to a person that rarely upgrades their

The Media Effect: Male Body Image

The Media Effect: Male Body Image Many men and women are in the midst of a fight for that perfect body depicted by the media. In the UK the average man is 5ft 9ins tall and weighs 13.2st while the average woman is 5ft 3Â ½ins tall and weighs 11st (Whitlock, 2009). Researchers investigated the perception of ideal body weight in both men and women and found 38.3% of normal weight women thought they were overweight, while for men 32.8% who were overweight thought they were about the right weight or underweight. (Christakis, 2003) Men tend to see themselves as being thinner than they actually are and have a desire to become bigger (Mintz, 1986). A study of around 1000 men found that over 50% were unhappy with their bodies. They were asked to draw their ideal body and researchers found that the body ideal was so muscular it could only be achieved by using steroids. (Croft, 2009). Some Psychologists speculated that media influences shaped peoples idea of body size by presenting thinner women and bulkier men than average. (McCreary Sadava, Vol 2(2), Jul 2001). Studies by The Eating Disorders Association shows that around 1.15 million men and women in the UK suffer from an eating disorder with 61% of women feeling fat compared to the medias image of beautiful women. (National eating disorders Association). Another worrying thought is that most fashion models are thinner than 98% of American women (Smolak, 1996).As women are constantly surrounded by such models in TV adverts, magazines, news articles amongst other things; its not surprising that they find this level of thinness the ideal. Wiseman et al conducted a study on Cultural expectations of thinness in women. They found that the body measurements of playboy models for 1979 1988 were up to 19% below the average body weight for their age group. These findings were compared to an early study between 1959 and 1978 and found that body measurements had decreased while there was a significant increase in diet and exercise articles during this period suggesting that there is a link between to the two. (Wiseman, 2006) In studies on media and body image, most of the research is directed towards women. This means that men are often forgotten. As men are increasingly characterised by their body, I aim to highlight the effect of media on them. (Henwood, 2002), says that the media presents ideals for men as well as women. patterns of consumption, life style choices and media representation of men now often focus on mens appearance and the male bodymedia advertising routinely depicts in positive ways youthful toned muscular male bodies. Psychology Today readers completed questionnaires on body image in 1993 and found The muscle-bound body build was highly rated by men, while women preferred a medium, lightly muscled build in their ideal males. (Neimark, 2009) It seems that men are influenced by the media and not by real women. The use of men in media may have a substantial effect on the way males view themselves. A muscular toned body is being used in much the same way as the thinness ideal for women. Mens Health magazine is spilt into 6 subsections compromising of Fitness, Health, Weight loss, women, nutrition and grooming. This shows that males are being made to think that their weight is not ideal and to bulk up to look like the men portrayed in the magazines. On the mens health website, there are links to a new way to sculpt your abs and build the body you want on a back ground of a super toned males torso. (Moore, 2010) Attitude is the best selling gay magazine in Britain and is also distributed worldwide. (Gilmour, 2008) In the latest issue of the magazine, Gareth Thomas, a gay rugby player, is the front cover. He has huge leg muscles, a big chest, and muscular arms, making it seem that this is what men like, and so the readers will strive to become like this. (Attitude Homepage, 2010) It has been proposed that males have become more muscular and toned in an attempt to be more masculine. Soft and rounded is traditionally seen as the female ideal, while males are the opposite. So by working abdominal muscles to achieve the much desired six pack is an attempt to hold this masculine ideal. (Henwood, 2002) Studies into male body image have begun to show that men have as much displeasure with their shape as do women. This is not just found in the UK but all over the world. Pope el al (2000) found that men from France, US and Austria chose an ideal body shape that was heavier and more muscular than them. They also believed women preferred that body shape too. Women are willing to settle for their own mates appearance, accepting extra weight, even though their ideal male is different. Males are not as worried about being overweight as women, but more troubled by muscle mass, showing our cultural ideals of men. The muscly body build was preferred by men, while women liked a medium, lightly muscled build in their ideal males. (Neimark, 2009) The old ideal of maleness has been replaced. The New York Times writer Natalie Angier says that boys of school age are now being diagnosed of hyperactivity and having learning problems just by being a typical male. So as the behavioural ideal has changed so has the ideal male body. It is more muscular but also in contradiction, quite feminine. Schwartz conducts studies in America on gay men he says that the male body clean skinnedNo longer stiff and upright but sinuous representing the feminine side. (Blashill Vander Wala, 2009) Men are now exercising more than ever with around 8.5 million having a gym membership. The American Sports Data company found that those men with memberships spend a mean of 90.8 days a year in a gym. This could be linked to males trying to become what they believe women want, judging by how the average male is portrayed in the media. The gender gap in the way the media present the body has closed. The unattainable female bodies shown now have a male equivalent, the V shaped physiques of male models everywhere in todays media. George Gerbner the founder of the Cultivation Theory, which looks at whether the media has a long term effect on audiences, such as body image, said that what we see on TV and in magazines eventually becomes our standard of reality and desire. (Seed, 2006) Schooler and Ward measured the male real body discomfort due to media consumption. They found that by watching television it made men feel uncomfortable with their bodies. People see the same images over and over and start to believe its a version of reality, if those bodies are real and thats possible, but you cant attain it, how can you not feel bad about your own body? Mens bodies are being used more often to sell products. Dolce and Gabbanas (shttp://amandagore.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/dg-ad.jpg) ad contains 4 males with the V shaped body that has become so popular today. The male modelling for Jean Paul Gaultier in the advert for aftershave has a body most men are striving to achieve. He has very muscular figure and is topless in the picture. (http://www.mimifroufrou.com/scentedsalamander/images/Le-Male-2009-Billboard-B.jpg). Men are spending more time and money on fragrances, facial creams and hair products. By presenting males in the media this way to sell products, males may believe if they take more care with their skin and buy all this products they will achieve the look of the airbrushed models. In this sense the media is endangering mens health by promoting these images, but will not stop willingly as the beauty industry has such high revenue. The big question is whether the media and our culture are truly to blame. Jeffrey Yang from Harvard University looked at the differences in body image in men from the west (Europe and America) against men from Asian countries. He found that men in Taiwan were satisfied with their bodies and had a lower use of steroids compared to men in the West. Also, unlike in the west, there were no Taiwanese magazines for fitness or bodybuilding. (Cromie, 2005) This seems to suggest that the media are to blame as there were no pictures of super fit males in magazines promoting exercise, and fewer men used drugs to achieve the figure desired. If someone has a poor body image, they might take steps to change their body, even if it taking potentially harmful substances. Anabolic Steroids are described as being any of a group of synthetic steroids or hormones used to stimulate muscle and bone growth; sometimes used illicitly by athletes to increase their strength by steroid.com (http://www.steroid.com/drugprof.php) Anabolic steroid abuse has been associated with a lot of side effects. Examples include acne, and breast development in males, which although unsightly are not severe. However other consequences of taking steroids can be life threatening such as heart attacks due to high cholesterol levels and liver cancer (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2006). Those who inject the drug also risk getting HIV ( InfoFacts: Steroids (Anabolic-Androgenic), 2008). Is taking steroids to get a hench body worth it? The U.S. Census Bureau says there is a total population of around 301 million people. The National Centre for Education Statistics believes that of this 301 million, 16.5 million are school children between 9th and 12th grade. The Centre for Disease Control and Preventions (CDC) says the percentage of students who admit to a lifetime steroid use was 4%. This means theres an estimated 660,000 students (14 to 17 years of age) whove admitted to steroid use. (ASA) Not to mention those unreported. This is a huge figure. Although this doesnt make a direct link with steroid abuse and the media, it can be inferred that these teenagers are taking steroids to get the body of the media male. Boys and men who are not happy with their body have been found to try and put weight in the form of muscle. (McReary Sasse, 2000) And steroids do this. The medias depiction of what is normal keeps getting for women and more muscular for men. Female models 25 years ago weighed only 8% less than average; currently the figures stand at around 23%. Male models are seeing similar things. In the past 25 years the media male has lost 12lb of fat but put on 27lb of muscle. (Body Image Website) With these ideal bodies represented in the media, its not surprising that males and females are turning to extreme measures to deal with their bodies. According to the ladies room, only 5% of women have the right genes to ever attain the Barbie shape. The body ideal for men is also almost unachievable, without illegal steroids and there is a limit to how much muscle a man can get naturally. (Tart, 2009) Although there is not a direct link between males body image and the media, it is implicated in many previous studies. Further research would be beneficial.

Brother Stories from the Holy Bible Essay -- Cain and Abel Jacob and E

When I was younger my brothers and I would fight over the attention and gratitude of my parents. From reading the Stories of brothers in the Bible I have discovered that brothers have been fighting ever since the beginning of time. Through the stories of Cain and Abel, and Jacob and Esau I have determined that Brothers stories are one of childhood ignorance and desire to obtain everything. Once adolescence has turned to adulthood, brothers seem to reform there ways toward each other due to the realization that you don’t need to have everything to obtain happiness. In book 4 of the Bible the first brother story takes place. It is one of deceit and competition over receiving better blessings from God. This is the story of Cain and Abel. Cain, being the older brother, felt that God was...

“Don’t worry, it’s a 20 minute drive!” – Creative Writing

It's 8. 40 and we've just got off the plane. It was the longest flight of our lives. With a three hour delay while we were stuck on the plane and then the luggage getting lost. My suitcase managed to get on a flight to Miami and my mums' to Barcelona! Sometimes I wonder, do the suitcases just sprout legs and go someplace they've never been before? We were tired and hungry. We had been awake for almost 20 hours at a stretch and were desperate to flop on to a soft bed and sleep! As we hurriedly looked around for a taxi to get us to our hotel, a tall, tanned lady walked up to my dad and asked him if he wanted to rent a car. Typically, my dad thought it was a good idea. You may not know this, but my family and I, have all experienced my dad's driving in a foreign city, and believe me it is no where close to good. So, amidst out cries of protest, my adamant dad marched up to the rent-a-car counter and asked for a people carrier. After standing around for another half hour, the lady showed us to a lift and told us our car would be waiting downstairs. We found that we had a bright green people carrier to drive around New York for the week that we were there. After moaning and groaning we all got in the car, and my dad ad started driving to the exit of the parking lot when he suddenly braked and started reversing back to the lift where the lady was still standing and waving. He had forgotten to ask for directions. He sat back in his seat mumbling about â€Å"turn right at the light, then take a U turn and head back east on the thru way. At exit 443 take a right and follow signs to the†¦ or was it turn right then left and then take a U turn? † My mum was already furious with my dad for agreeing to the idea of the car. Tight lipped, in her â€Å"this is so annoying† voice she asked my dad if he was sure of where he was going. Obviously no man likes to dmit he's not sure so in his very false voice he assured my mum that he was positive about where we were going and that the lady had told him its only a â€Å"20 minute drive† and â€Å"not to worry†. The lady couldn't have been more wrong. She obviously misjudged my dad and may have over-estimated him when she saw his international driving license. â€Å"Wroom, Wrooom†, the vehicle, startedas though we were about to begin a race. It was warmed up and all set to embark on the race against time. Our course was unknown and we had one of the slowest drivers of all time. Taking it at 5Km an hour, we took 20 minutes alone to get ut of the three-storey parking lot. How long was it going to take us to get to the hotel? When we eventually got on the road, my younger brother said he needed the toilet. As usual my mum taking charge asked my brother to wait 20 minutes while we got to the hotel, while giving my dad a very wary look. I think, having a mothers instinct she knew that stopping anywhere would just prolong this dreaded journey and we would all end up traipsing to bathroom and making an even bigger mess of ourselves. Luckily, my dad made a good guess and we turned on to the right road. It was usually my brother managed to get s to our planned destination, because my dad's sense of direction is as good as any bird that flies into a window. Tired of directing my dad during previous escapades like this, my brother had flat out refused to do any sort of map reading. After much driving on a straight, dimly lit road there was finally a lonesome turning to the right, which my dad decided to take. Obviously, our good luck had to run out at some point, and this was the time. We were on a nameless bridge which we later found out was the Brooklyn Bridge. It was now when my mother began panicking. We had been driving for 25 minutes already and there was still no ign of getting to Manhattan Island. While my mum was muttering to herself about how we wouldn't make it to the hotel in time and that they would cancel our booking, my dad just said that being on the bridge gave us a view of the beautiful city of New York at night. All we had left now was to â€Å"follow the signs and arrows. † The average person might ask, how difficult could it be to follow signs? Obviously, this hadn't had the experience of a lifetime: A car journey with my dad. So, driving along the Brooklyn Bridge, my brothers and I were taking my dads advice and were enjoying the view, when we made a very unexpected stop. We had just come to a tollbooth. Now, having arrived a mere hour ago we hadn't had the chance to acquire any spare change, so my dad had to reach into his secret money belt which was tucked under his shirt, and he pulled out 50 dollars. The man taking our money gave my dad a very shocked look as he gave back 48 dollars and 50 cents. Luckily, my dad had thought that it was a good idea to ask the man how to get to Manhattan Island. He told us to take the second exit on the left and then follow the signs. We did just that. Or we thought we did. I think it was because we weren't accustomed to the American accent; either that or the guy was trying to lead us into Harlem on purpose. Harlem is supposedly the most dangerous neighborhood in New York. At hearing the news, my mum became really hysterical; she kept yelling useless opinions like: â€Å"I told you not to get the car! Now were all going to get shot! Why do you have to put all our lives at stake? † My dad just raised his eyebrows and carried on driving. My brother was complaining that he was really desperate for the bathroom, and that just got my mum started again with things like: â€Å"Look at what you've done! We can't even stop any where because we're in HARLEM nd his bladders going to burst, and†¦. and†¦. † At this point I just blocked my mum out. Before we knew it, thanks to the well-lit signboard pointing us out of Harlem we were back on the Brooklyn Bridge. My mum calmed down, but only very slightly. Anything was appreciated at this time, because it was nearly 11. 30 and my brothers and I were dying with tiredness. My dad just kept driving. He was wide-awake. How? I don't know, but I had a fealing it may have had something to do with the 3 cups of coffee he had on the plane. Shockingly, we ended up at another tollbooth and asked directions. Again. After about 10 minutes of nodding, ointing and looking at the map, we were finally on our way. It was like Christmas come early when we reached a turn off. We were finally getting of the bridge! Suddenly, all our sleepiness left us. We were back to a wide-awake state and were all excited to finally be going somewhere. What seemed like 10 minutes later, we were getting out of the dreaded people carrier and were walking in to the hotel. The first thing my brother did was make a beeline for the bathroom. It seems amazing, that how ever many bad experiences we have with driving cars in foreign, and sometimes in not so foreign countries my dad never gives up.

Homosexuality and the Christian Faith - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1253 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/10/30 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Homosexuality Essay Did you like this example? Homosexuality has always been a controversial issue in many religions and is increasingly becoming more relevant in society. Throughout the past centuries, homosexuals would hide their sexual orientation to prevent the cruel punishments and ridicule that would result from openly accepting themselves to the public. Today, more people identify within the homosexual spectrum as society gradually becomes accepting of same-sex relationships and marriages. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Homosexuality and the Christian Faith" essay for you Create order However, religion is a factor that restricts the growth of homosexuality acceptance throughout the entire world. Homosexuality is often perceived to be taboo and an abomination to society in the eyes of many Christians. This causes a large divide between the two communities as both groups have conflicting views on the issue. Homosexuality and Christianity is divided due to the interpretations of Bible teachings, varying religious views on the matter, and the difficulty for one to be a part of both communities. Many people who are affiliated with Christianity are opposed to the idea of same-sex relationships due to the interpretation that it violates teachings in the Bible. David P. Gushee, a professor of Christian ethics at Mercer University, discusses the most-referenced bible verses regarding the Christian ban on homosexuality in Evangelical Christianity and how they are interpreted in Reconciling Evangelical Christianity with Out Sexual Minorities: Reframing the Biblical Discussion. There are six main verses that are used to reference the intolerance of homosexuality in Christianity: Genesis 1-2, Genesis 19, Leviticus 18:22, Matthew 19:1, Romans 1:26, and Corinthians 6:9 (Gushee 145). Evangelical Christians associate these verses with a male and female paradigm being the only acceptable form of relationship in society. The texts are often centered around sexual acts rather than relationships and offer harsh language towards the acts (Gushee 146). However, they do not relate to modern se xual identity and orientation. Gushee concludes his essay with the idea that many Evangelical Christians draw a moral line that causes people to be driven away from the church and God (Gushee 153). In The Bible on Homosexuality: Exploring Its Meaning and Authority, Kenneth A. Locke, a professor at Hsi Lai University, explains the importance the Bible has on morals for Christians, including homosexuality. The Bible is the fundamental resource for many Christians when it comes to inspiration and guidance. The Bible is still relevant because it can be related to life today, but still lacks information on social issues that are more prominent now than they were when the text was written (Locke 126). Locke also explains the biblical verses in relation to the historical and cultural context, discussing how many translated words are potential errors and how they can be interpreted in many ways. Many Christians can interpret biblical texts differently, causing some Christians to either oppo se or accept homosexuality. Another factor that causes a division between homosexuality and Christianity is the different views Christians have on homosexuality. Many Christians are taught to have certain beliefs on issues throughout society, including homosexuality, depending on who they are surrounded with and who they are raised by. Dawne Moon, a professor in the Department of Social and Cultural Sciences at Marquette University, discusses the different views religious Christians have towards homosexuality in Beyond the Dichotomy: Six Religious Views of Homosexuality. There are two main sides to the argument consisting of the belief that an individual is born homosexual, and the belief that sexual orientation can and should be changed (Moon 1216). However, Christian views can be further divided into homonegative, moderate, and homopositive. Homonegative Christians view homosexuality as sinful and an abomination while homopositive ones view it as good and just. Moderate Christians have both negative and posit ive views towards the issue (Moon 1218). The difference in views shows how there is no one universal belief regarding homosexuality in Christianity. There are many ways to disprove both arguments for and against homosexuality; therefore, a Christians view will be up to the individuals interpretation and beliefs. The varying views Christians have on homosexuality creates a division because there is not one common belief on the matter. It is often difficult for an individual to be both a Christian and homosexual. Typically, homosexuals are pushed away from Christianity due to differences in views on same-sex relationships and commonly-occurring discrimination. Nasrudin Subhi and David Geelan studied the effects Christianity has on current and former Christians who identify as homosexual in When Christianity and Homosexuality Collide: Understanding the Potential Intrapersonal Conflict. The survey conducted revealed that eighty percent of homosexuals who were affiliated with Christianity experienced conflict between the two communities (Subhi 1396). The conflicts between the two have affected the participants through high rates of depression, guilt, anxiety, suicidal thoughts, and isolation (Subhi 1399). In the essay 1Cross + 3Nails = 4GVN: Compulsory Christianity and Homosexuality in the Bible Belt Panopticon, Bernadette Barton, a professor at the University of Kentucky, discusses homophobia and discrimination based on sexuality in a region where Christianity is the primary religion, the Bible Belt. The area consists of the West South Central, East South Central, and South Atlantic regions of the United States where Christianity dominates the majority of the population (Barton 72). Barton, a self-identified lesbian, discusses experiences where she was discriminated against for her sexual orientation and the Bible was used to justify it. She also includes a story of a homosexual man who knew he was same-sex attracted since the age of eleven but never came out due to the fear that he would be in danger and alienated from his family. Another story is also told of a woman who came out to her family who thought she had a devil within her that was causing her to be homosexual. Her family attempted to keep her captive in their house to have a preacher pray the homosexuality out of her (Barton 79). Bartons study of homosexuals in the Bible Belt shows that they are often placed in harmful situations where they are rejected from society completely or experience physical violence on the basis of their sexual identity. Individuals who identify within the homosexual spectrum experience difficulty when it comes to accepting their sexuality and Christianity as one and are typ ically forced to choose one over the other. This is due to the difference in beliefs on homosexuality and the dangers and discrimination that accompanies the sexual orientation. The divide between homosexuality and Christianity is caused by the interpretations of biblical teachings, the difference in views, and the difficulty for an individual to be both a Christian and a homosexual. The issue is becoming more prevalent in society as more people are becoming more comfortable publicly identifying with their sexual orientations. The division between homosexuality and Christianity may persist in the future as the belief of whether homosexuality is morally acceptable is at the discretion of the individual. Works Cited Barton, Bernadette. 1CROSS 3NAILS = 4GVN: Compulsory Christianity and Homosexuality in the Bible Belt Panopticon. Feminist Formations, vol. 23, no. 1, 2011, pp. 70â€Å"93, muse-jhu-edu.libweb.lib.utsa.edu/article/429860. Accessed 24 Sept. 2018. Gushee, David P. Reconciling Evangelical Christianity with Our Sexual Minorities: Reframing the Biblical Discussion. Journal of the Society of Christian Ethics, vol. 35, no. 2, 2015, pp. 141â€Å"158, muse-jhu-edu.libweb.lib.utsa.edu/article/603262. Accessed 24 Sept. 2018. Locke, Kenneth A. The Bible on Homosexuality. Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 48, no. 2, Sept. 2005, pp. 125â€Å"156, www-tandfonline-com.libweb.lib.utsa.edu/doi/pdf/10.1300/J082v48n02_07?needAccess=true. Accessed 29 Sept. 2018. Moon, Dawne. Beyond the Dichotomy: Six Religious Views of Homosexuality. Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 61, no. 9, Oct. 2014, pp. 1215â€Å"1241, www-tandfonline-com.libweb. lib.utsa.edu/doi/abs/10.1080/00918369.2014.926762. Accessed 22 Sept. 2018. Subhi, Nasrudin, and David Geelan. When Christianity and Homosexuality Collide: Understanding the Potential Intrapersonal Conflict. Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 59, no. 10, 1 Nov. 2012, pp. 1382â€Å"1402, www-tandfonlinecom.libweb.lib.utsa.edu/doi/abs/10.108000918369.2012.724638. Accessed 22 Sept. 2018.